CGS XOR/XNOR logic

CGS54 the CGS XOR/XNOR logic board is an add-on for the CGS pulse divider and boolean logic module, adding XOR and XNOR functionality. Unlike a true digital gate, the module is not sensitive to specific levels, but rather to the difference between them. If the two inputs are within approximately approximately 1.2 volts of each other, they are regarded as being the same logical value. If they are more than approximately 1.2 volts apart, they are regarded as being different. This means that while this module will work quite satisfactorily with any logic levels, it can also be used to compare two analog signals, either positive or negative in value. If only one input is connected, the output will be the same as if two identical inputs were present.

A little on how it works
Normally the two inputs of each op-amp are held (approximately) 1.2 volts apart via the pull-up and pull-down resistors, and the four diodes in the input circuit. Connecting two similar input voltages to the inputs will not affect this replationship, other than to move the absolue voltages up or down. The outputs of the op-amps, which are wired as comparators, will reflect this. On the XOR, the inverting input will be higher than the non-inverting input, resulting in the op-amp output being negative. The opposite will occur with the XNOR comparator. As long as the difference between the two inputs is less than approximately 1.2 volts (two diode voltage drops), the relationship between the comparator inputs will remain, and the outputs will not change.

Once the two input voltages begin to differ, the diode connected between the pull-up resistor and the lower of the two input voltages will pull the connected comparator inputs down, while the diode connected to the pull-down resistor and the higher of the two input voltages will pull the connected comparator inputs up. The other diodes will cease to conduct.

Once the two input are taken more than 1.2 volts apart, the voltage at the diode- pull-up resistor junction will be lower than that at the diode- pull-down resistor, and the relationship between the comparator inputs will be reversed, i.e. on the XOR, the inverting input will be lower than the non-inverting input, resulting in the op-amp output being positive, and the opposite occuring for the XNOR comparator.

Technically there is a tiny band where the difference between the two inputs can result in an "analog" (i.e. not logic 1, or logic 0) voltage at the output, though this may only be an issue if using the gates with analog input voltages.

The outputs of the op-amp comparators are passed throug a diode so that only positive going voltages reach the output. Any negative going voltages (logic 0) are blocked, and the output held at 0 volts by the pull-down resistor at the output. The 1k8 resistors in line with the output, when combined with the pull-down resistors, limit the positive (logic 1) output level to around 5 volts.

The LEDs indicate the output levels of the gates. As the gates share a common input structure, these LED have a complimentary relationship - if one is lit, the other is off. As such, a single LED would suffice to indicate the state of both gates.

Select the value of RLED to suit the LEDs you are using. For standard brightness LEDs a value in the area of 1k is suitable. For modern high-brightness LEDs, a much higher value is required, though the exact value will depend on the LEDs you are using, and will need to be selected though trial. A good value to start with is 33k.

Construction


Before you start assembly, check the board for etching faults. Look for any shorts between tracks, or open circuits due to over etching. Take this opportunity to sand the edges of the board if needed, removing any splinters or rough edges.

When you are happy with the printed circuit board, construction can proceed as normal, starting with the resistors first, followed by the IC socket if used, then moving onto the taller components.

Take particular care with the orientation of the polarized components such as electrolytics, diodes, transistors and ICs.

When inserting ICs into sockets, take care not to accidentally bend any of the pins under the chip. Also, make sure the notch on the chip is aligned with the notch marked on the PCB overlay.

Parts list
This is a guide only. Parts needed will vary with individual constructor's needs.