CGS saw pitch shifter/wave multiplier

CGS38 the CGS saw pitch shifter/wave multiplier (v1.1) is an experimental combination of op-amp summers and comparators with surprising results, ranging from complex wave shaping to pitch shifting of saw tooth waves.

Some ideas on how to use this module
As a waveform mangler - feed it any combination of waveforms, or a waveform and a control voltage and adjust as needed. For example, feed a waveform from a VCO or LFO into one input, and adjust the input level for differing effects. Use a control voltage as an offset signal to introduce variation. This can be from an envelope generator, keyboard or LFO or another VCO.

As a sawtooth frequency doubler - feed in a single sawtooth wave, and adjust the associated gain. When the gain reaches 2, assuming a 0 to 5 volt waveform, the result will be a sawtooth of twice the frequency at the first output.

As a sawtooth pitch shifter - feed an audio frequency sawtooth wave into one input, and a sawtooth wave from an LFO into the other. Disable one input using the switch, then adjust the input level of the other input until the LED lights, then back off until it goes out. Disable the other input using the switch, then repeat the procedure for the other input. Return the switch to the center position. The LED will now work as a "signal present" indicator and can be ignored. One output will be the sum of the two frequencies, and the other should be the difference, depending on the relative slopes of the two sawtooth signals. If the result sounds rough, tweak one of the inputs until it sounds clean.

Note that getting the pitch shift to work correctly takes some experimenting and tweaking. The input waveforms should be in the range of 0 to 5 volts - specifically with the bottom of the waveforms actually hitting 0 volts. An external offset may need to be mixed in if this cannot be achieved. The downward shift output is very sensitive to gains and offsets, and is unlikely to be as pure as the upward shift output. If you want a more accurate downward shift, swap the direction of one of the input waves, and upward shift output will act as a downward shift output and vice versa. Some very powerful sound can result, even with impurities in the shifting, especially when the incoming frequency, and the up and down outputs are mixed together.

Also note that this is NOT a frequency shifter - the relationship between the harmonics are preserved.

A little on how it works
The first half of the circuit is essentially a mixer. The two incoming waveforms are buffered the sent through the "setup matrix" that allows grounding of one signal or the other to help setting up the signal levels. The two signals are then summed and fed to another summer and a comparator. The second summer adds the voltages from the comparator, and a fixed reverence voltage that compensates for the offset introduced by the comparator.

Note that the processing between the two summers actually occurs while the signal is inverted. If the output of the first summer exceeds the preset value of 5 volts, the comparator output changes, subtracting 5 volts from the total present at the output. This means that if the instantaneous voltage of an incoming wave has passed 5 volts, it will suddenly be converted to 5 volts - 5 volts (i.e. 0 volts) where it will continue to rise at the previous rate until it reaches its peak. When the waveform again falls below 5 volts, the comparator will switch back, restoring the original input output relationship. The LED lights when the comparator is subtracting 5 volts from the output.

The downward shift output is generated in much the same way, with the exception that the second incoming signal is inverted and offset before being fed into the associated summer. There are no setup matrix present or monitoring LED for this output.

Construction
Before you start assembly, check the board for etching faults. Look for any shorts between tracks, or open circuits due to over etching. Take this opportunity to sand the edges of the board if needed, removing any splinters or rough edges.

Several 600k resistors are specified, though purchasing these may prove difficult. If so, simply use a pair of 1.2 meg resistors in parallel. (Note: on the prototype run, these are incorrectly marked as 300k. On the Rev1 board, one of these resistors is still incorrectly marked as 300k).

When you are happy with the printed circuit board, construction can proceed as normal, starting with the resistors first, followed by the IC socket if used, then moving onto the taller components.

Take particular care with the orientation of the polarized components such as electrolytics, diodes, transistors and ICs.

When inserting ICs into sockets, take care not to accidentally bend any of the pins under the chip. Also, make sure the notch on the chip is aligned with the notch marked on the PCB overlay.

RL is used to set the LED current. For common LEDs, use 1k or similar. For modern super bright LEDs, a value in the area of 10k to 33k will be more suitable. A 1N4148 soldered in series with the LED will suppress any tendency for the LED/transistor pair to zener.

Setting up
With no inputs connected, adjust the ZERO trimpot until pin 8 of U1 (TL074 near power connector) is at 2.5 volts.

With the unit set to do basic pitch shifting as described above, using an LFO and a VCO, both with waveforms that go between 0V and a positive voltage, watch each output in turn with a CRO, and adjust the trimpots until a smooth sawtooth wave results. There may be a spike there that cannot be adjusted away. What you are trying to achieve is to line up the two parts of the slope so it looks like a single slope, irrespective of the spike.

Do this for both outputs.

If you do not have a CRO, adjust each trimpot so that the value of the trimpot and 470k resistor in series with it add to a little under 600k.

If you are planning to only use the module as a wave multiplier, just use the "Alternate method 1".

Alternate method 1
Power the module with nothing connected to the inputs.

Set the switch to it's center position.

Adjust ZERO until pin 8 of U1 (TL074 near power connector) is at 2.5 volts.

Adjust ADJD (DOWN Trim) until the DOWN output reads 5.0 volts. Connect a positive DC voltage of 5 volts or more to IN 1. Starting with POT connected to IN 1 fully counter clockwise, turn clockwise it until the LED lights, then back off again until it just extinguishes. Adjust ADJU (UP Trim) until the UP output reads 5.0 volts.

Alternate method 2
For those with access to an oscilloscope:

Monitor the UP output with the oscilloscope. Feed an identical sawtooth wave into both IN 1 and IN 2. This wave needs to be positive, with it's lower peak just touching 0 volts. If needed use something like a DC mixer with an offset capability to modify the wave to suite.

Adjusting the UP output:

Set the switch to K2 (Kill IN 2). Starting with POT connected to IN 1 fully counter clockwise, turn clockwise it until the LED lights, then back off again until it just extinguishes.

Set the switch to K1 (Kill IN 1). Starting with POT connected to IN 2 fully counter clockwise, turn clockwise it until the LED lights, then back off again until it just extinguishes.

Set the switch to it's center position.

Adjust ADJU (UP Trim) until the output is a sawtooth of twice the frequency as the input. If you monitor the output with an amplifier, you will hear when you have the adjustment right, as the output will sound one octave higher. Any miss alignment will be quite audible. You may need to tweak POT IN 1 then readjust ADJU several times.

Note that with the same signal being fed in to the two inputs, the DOWN output will behave oddly, giving anything from a DC voltage, to a pulse wave shape, depending on the settings of the input pots.

Adjusting the DOWN output:

Disconnect the signal from IN 2 and connect a second sawtooth wave of a DIFFERENT frequency to it instead,

Set the switch to K1 (Kill IN 1). Starting with POT connected to IN 2 fully counter clockwise, turn clockwise it until the LED lights, then back off again until it just extinguishes.

If you wish you can monitor the UP output with the scope and fine tune POT IN 2 until you have the best waveform you can get.

Set the switch to it's center position.

Monitor the DOWN output with the scope and adjust ADJD (DOWN Trim) until you have the best waveform you can get.

Adjusting the panel controls when the module is in use.
For use as a pitch shifter (NOT a frequency shifter):

Connect your sawtooth waves to the two inputs.

Set the switch to K2 (Kill IN 2).

Starting with POT connected to IN 1 fully counter clockwise, turn clockwise it until the LED lights, then back off again until it just extinguishes.

Set the switch to K1 (Kill IN 1).

Starting with POT connected to IN 2 fully counter clockwise, turn clockwise it until the LED lights, then back off again until it just extinguishes.

Set the switch to it's center position.

Tweak POTS IN 1 and IN 2 for the best sounding waveform.

The UP output will equal the frequency of IN 1 + IN 2.

The DOWN output will equal the frequency of IN 1 - IN 2.

Parts list
This is a guide only. Parts needed will vary with individual constructor's needs.

Suppliers

 * CGS38 Sawtooth Pitch Shifter, revision 1.1, Elby Designs