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[[File:MIDIBox SID (by Max Farnea) inside 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Insides of a [[MIDIBox SID]] by Max Farnea.]]<categorytree mode=all style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1ex; border:1px solid gray; padding:0.7ex; background-color:white;">Contents</categorytree>'''Synthesizer do it yourself''', '''Synth DIY''' or '''SDIY''' is about creativity, making, modifying, or repairing [[electronic musical instrument]]s and related equipment yourself. Many people with an interest in [[electronics]] and [[music]] are now discovering that a Synth-DIY project is feasible.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130113202557/http://www.musicfromouterspace.com/index.php?MAINTAB=SYNTHDIY Synth-DIY] at Music From Outer Space.</ref> More advanced synth DIYers design and build their own [[synthesizer]]s. What’s needed is a design, parts and tools, and especially the skills.<ref name="sos">[http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan00/articles/netnotes.htm ''Build Your Own Synth Websites''], Sound On Sound by Ken McBeth, Jan 2002</ref> Unless assembling relatively inexpensive circuits like the [[Atari Punk Console]], synth DIY can be an expensive pastime.
[[File:MIDIBox SID (by Max Farnea) inside 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Insides of a [[MIDIBox SID]] by Max Farnea.]]<categorytree mode=all style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1ex; border:1px solid gray; padding:0.7ex; background-color:white;">Contents</categorytree>''This article, <!--(along with the [[Main Page]])--> is intended as a top level page. You should be able to browse the whole wiki from here.''

'''Synthesizer do it yourself''', '''Synth DIY''' or '''SDIY''' is about creativity, making, modifying, or repairing [[electronic musical instrument]]s and related equipment yourself. Many people with an interest in [[electronics]] and [[music]] are now discovering that a Synth-DIY project is feasible.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130113202557/http://www.musicfromouterspace.com/index.php?MAINTAB=SYNTHDIY Synth-DIY] at Music From Outer Space.</ref> More advanced synth DIYers design and build their own [[synthesizer]]s. What’s needed is a design, parts and tools, and especially the skills.<ref name="sos">[https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/build-your-own-synth-websites ''Build Your Own Synth Websites''], Sound On Sound by Ken McBeth, Jan 2002</ref> Unless assembling relatively inexpensive circuits like the [[Atari Punk Console]], synth DIY can be an expensive pastime.


''This article, <!--(along with the [[Main Page]])--> is intended as a top level page. You should be able to browse the whole wiki from here.
''
== Ability and know-how ==
== Ability and know-how ==
The single most important factor in synth DIY is your skills. You'll need to be able to read and understand [[Schematics|circuit diagrams]], identify [[electronic component]]s, and [[fault-find]] non-working circuits.<ref name="ks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170420052751/http://www.cgs.synth.net/help.html Help page] of Ken Stone's Modular Synthesizer site (archived)]</ref> The best way to learn is by building. Pick a small project to start with, to find out how you get on. There is a list of popular small projects at [[simple synth DIY]].<ref name="st">Synthesis Technology's [http://www.synthtech.com/tutor/tutor1.html ''Getting Started in the Synth DIY World'']</ref>
The single most important factor in synth DIY is your skills. You'll need to be able to read and understand [[Schematics|circuit diagrams]], identify [[electronic component]]s, and [[fault-find]] non-working circuits.<ref name="ks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170420052751/http://www.cgs.synth.net/help.html Help page] of Ken Stone's Modular Synthesizer site] - archived</ref> The best way to learn is by building. Pick a small project to start with, to find out how you get on. There is a list of popular small projects at [[simple synth DIY]].<ref name="st">Synthesis Technology's [http://www.synthtech.com/tutor/tutor1.html ''Getting Started in the Synth DIY World'']</ref>


== Tools ==
== Tools ==
The least [[tools]] you can start with are a good soldering iron, a desoldering pump or braid, fine wire-cutters, long nose pliers and a decent [[digital multimeter]].<ref name="sos" /> Also useful are an [[oscilloscope]] capable of DC coupled input, a solderless [[breadboard]], a bench power supply, a [[function generator]] and a [[frequency counter]].<ref name=mfos">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190613231955/http://musicfromouterspace.com/index.php?CATPARTNO=&PROJARG=ELECTRONICS%252Fgettingstarted.html&MAINTAB=SYNTHDIY&VPW=1342&VPH=761 ''Getting started in electronics''] on Music From Outer Space by [[Ray Wilson]]</ref>
The least [[tools]] you can start with are a good soldering iron, a desoldering pump or braid, fine wire-cutters, long nose pliers and a decent [[digital multimeter]].<ref name="sos" /> Also useful are an [[oscilloscope]] capable of DC coupled input, a solderless [[breadboard]], a bench power supply, a [[function generator]] and a [[frequency counter]].<ref name=mfos">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190613231955/http://musicfromouterspace.com/index.php?CATPARTNO=&PROJARG=ELECTRONICS%252Fgettingstarted.html&MAINTAB=SYNTHDIY&VPW=1342&VPH=761 ''Getting started in electronics''] on Music From Outer Space by [[Ray Wilson]]</ref>


=== EDA ===
=== Software ===
==== EDA ====
{{Main|Electronic design automation}}
{{Main|Electronic design automation}}
For more advanced DIY there is also the requirement for suitable electronic design automation (EDA) software, for the ''[[schematic capture]]'' (design of schematics), [[PCB layout]], [[Gerber files]] etc. such as [[gEDA]], [[Autodesk EAGLE]], [[KiCad PCB EDA Suite|KiCad]] or [[DIYLC]].
For more advanced DIY there is also the requirement for suitable electronic design automation (EDA) software, for the ''[[schematic capture]]'' (design of schematics), [[PCB layout]], [[Gerber files]] etc. such as [[gEDA]], [[Autodesk EAGLE]], [[KiCad PCB EDA Suite|KiCad]] or [[DIYLC]].

==== Circuit simulation ====
{{Main|Electronic circuit simulation}}
Simulation allows us to understand the operating principles of electronics.

This application is essential for those who wish to learn about electronic simulation.

[https://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html Falstad] By Paul falstad


Kicad also has a SPICE simulation feature

[https://www.kicad.org/discover/spice/ Kicad and SPICE]

...


== Kits and PCBs ==
== Kits and PCBs ==
Line 28: Line 44:
In the 1970s [[Electronic hobbyist]] magazines such as [[Practical Electronics]] (PE), [[Wireless World]], [[Electronics Today International]] (ETI) and [[Elektor]] were at the forefront, publishing designs for the synth builder. To build some of those designs, one needed a firm grasp of electronics and constructing even the smaller models was not easy.<ref name="sos" />
In the 1970s [[Electronic hobbyist]] magazines such as [[Practical Electronics]] (PE), [[Wireless World]], [[Electronics Today International]] (ETI) and [[Elektor]] were at the forefront, publishing designs for the synth builder. To build some of those designs, one needed a firm grasp of electronics and constructing even the smaller models was not easy.<ref name="sos" />


Things changed when ETI, in conjunction with a company called [[Powertran]], released the design and a kit of parts for a single-oscillator synth called the [[Transcendant 2000]]. The article (by [[Tim Orr]], formerly of [[EMS]]) was well planned, and Powertran provided everything you needed, down to the last nut and bolt, even including a mains plug. It was very popular, and spawned a range of synths including the [[Transcendant Polysynth]], which was the kit-builder's [[Jupiter 8]] without the memories. In 1979 ETI also published schematics for the [[Digisound 80]] modular. This, like the Transcendant Polysynth, featured [[Curtis Electro Music]] synth [[chips]]. The CEM chips made kit building much easier.<ref name="sos" />
Things changed when ETI, in conjunction with [[Powertran Electronics|Powertran]], released the design and a kit of parts for a single-oscillator synth called the [[Powertran Transcendant 2000|Transcendant 2000]]. The article (by [[Tim Orr]], formerly of [[EMS]]) was well planned, and Powertran provided everything you needed, down to the last nut and bolt, even including a mains plug. It was very popular, and spawned a range of synths including the [[Transcendant Polysynth]], which was the kit-builder's [[Jupiter 8]] without the memories. In 1979 ETI also published schematics for the [[Digisound 80]] modular. This, like the Transcendant Polysynth, featured [[Curtis Electro Music]] synth [[chips]]. The CEM chips made kit building much easier.<ref name="sos" />


The Elektor [[Formant synthesizer]] design was published in 1977/78,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070110103220/http://www.euronet.nl/~rja/Emusic/Formant/ ''Formant Modular Analog Synthesizer''] by Rick Jansen</ref> also modular and based around [[Moog Modular]] styling. Another early ETI design was the [[ETI International 4600|International 4600]] and its descendants, the [[ETI 5600|5600]] and [[ETI 3800|3800]] synths, which were distributed as kits by [[Maplin Electronics]]. The 4600 and the 5600 featured a [[pin matrix]] for [[Patch|patching]] similar to that of the [[EMS VCS3]], only larger. However, these synths proved overly complex for the amateur constructor.<ref name="sos" />
The Elektor [[Elektor Formant]] design was published in 1977/78,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070110103220/http://www.euronet.nl/~rja/Emusic/Formant/ ''Formant Modular Analog Synthesizer''] by Rick Jansen</ref> also modular and based around [[Moog Modular]] styling. Another early ETI design was the [[ETI International 4600|International 4600]] and its descendants, the [[ETI 5600|5600]] and [[ETI 3800|3800]] synths, which were distributed as kits by [[Maplin Electronics]]. The 4600 and the 5600 featured a [[pin matrix]] for [[Patch|patching]] similar to that of the [[EMS VCS3]], only larger. However, these synths proved overly complex for the amateur constructor.<ref name="sos" />


Bear in mind that magazine designs are frequently inaccurate or incomplete. The [[Practical Electronics Analogue Sequencer]], for instance, published in April 1977, will not function correctly without the modifications published in September 1977.<ref name="sos" />
Bear in mind that magazine designs are frequently inaccurate or incomplete. The [[Practical Electronics Analogue Sequencer]], for instance, published in April 1977, will not function correctly without the modifications published in September 1977.<ref name="sos" />
Line 38: Line 54:
The Moog Modular manual is huge and contains all the schematic diagrams and some of the setup and calibration notes, but beware. Although the designs are all there, some of them use parts which may be hard or impossible to get hold of. It also has to be said that some modules, such as the [[oscillator]]s and [[envelope generator]]s, were better implemented in later designs such as the second-series [[Minimoog]], [[Prodigy]] and Rogue. Schematics for the latter two are extremely readable, as are the associated setup notes, and the circuits work.<ref name="sos" /> Another synth from the past which makes a good construction project is the [[Oberheim SEM]] (Synthesizer Expansion Module). This synth isn't too difficult to construct, and features a [[voltage-controlled state-variable filter]].<ref name="sos" />
The Moog Modular manual is huge and contains all the schematic diagrams and some of the setup and calibration notes, but beware. Although the designs are all there, some of them use parts which may be hard or impossible to get hold of. It also has to be said that some modules, such as the [[oscillator]]s and [[envelope generator]]s, were better implemented in later designs such as the second-series [[Minimoog]], [[Prodigy]] and Rogue. Schematics for the latter two are extremely readable, as are the associated setup notes, and the circuits work.<ref name="sos" /> Another synth from the past which makes a good construction project is the [[Oberheim SEM]] (Synthesizer Expansion Module). This synth isn't too difficult to construct, and features a [[voltage-controlled state-variable filter]].<ref name="sos" />


Using circuits from a former commercial product, using a schematic from a service manual can also be problematic, as these too can contain errors.<ref>[https://www.muffwiggler.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=93081&start=all&postdays=0&postorder=asc EFM 4622 – Moog Taurus VCF Clone]</ref>
Using circuits from a former commercial product, using a schematic from a service manual can also be problematic, as these too can contain errors.<ref>[https://www.modwiggler.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=93081&start=all&postdays=0&postorder=asc EFM 4622 – Moog Taurus VCF Clone]</ref>


=== Books ===
=== Books ===
{{Main|SDIY books}}
{{Main|Synth DIY books}}
''Build a better music synthesizer'' by [[Thomas Henry]] was a good introduction to [[modular synthesizer]] construction. ''Electronic Music Circuits'' by [[Barry Klein]] describes the circuitry involved in modular synth design, in more depth. It is a good starting point to learn the technology as well as electronics in general.<ref name="sos" /> However for both of these books some of the components may be no longer readily available.
''Build a better music synthesizer'' by [[Thomas Henry]] was a good introduction to [[modular synthesizer]] construction. ''Electronic Music Circuits'' by [[Barry Klein]] describes the circuitry involved in modular synth design, in more depth. It is a good starting point to learn the technology as well as electronics in general.<ref name="sos" /> However for both of these books some of the components may be no longer readily available.


Line 48: Line 64:
=== Web sites ===
=== Web sites ===
{{Main|Online resources}}
{{Main|Online resources}}
There is an introduction to SDIY at [http://www.musicfromouterspace.com/ Music From Outer Space], as well as parts and kits available for purchase. Use the [http://wayback.archive.org/ Wayback Machine] to view former websites, now no longer available.
There is an introduction to SDIY at [https://web.archive.org/web/20060111050127/http://www.musicfromouterspace.com/ Music From Outer Space], as well as parts and kits available for purchase. Use the [http://wayback.archive.org/ Wayback Machine] to view former websites, now no longer available.


[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia] is a great resource. [http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/ All About Circuits] for well explained stuff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121227110224/http://www.doctronics.co.uk/resources.html Doctronics] is a good reference for [[Integrated circuits|ICs]] when you're not sure what something does. At [http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~lanterma/sdiy/datasheets/ Aaron's Synth DIY] there is a list of useful parts. At [http://www.birthofasynth.com/Thomas_Henry/Pages/VCO-1.html Birth of a synth] there are some DIY modules, with explanations, for example the [[VCO-1]]. Although it is better to practice with very simple circuits before starting this kind of project, even though this is a fairly simple circuit.<ref name="sdiy-may-13">The Synth-diy Archive, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141010194214/http://dropmix.xs4all.nl/pipermail/synth-diy/2013-May/thread.html Hello, and some questions], May 2013</ref>
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia] is a great resource. [http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/ All About Circuits] for well explained stuff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121227110224/http://www.doctronics.co.uk/resources.html Doctronics] is a good reference for [[Integrated circuits|ICs]] when you're not sure what something does. At [http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~lanterma/sdiy/datasheets/ Aaron's Synth DIY] there is a list of useful parts. At [http://www.birthofasynth.com/Thomas_Henry/Pages/VCO-1.html Birth of a synth] there are some DIY modules, with explanations, for example the [[VCO-1]]. Although it is better to practice with very simple circuits before starting this kind of project, even though this is a fairly simple circuit.<ref name="sdiy-may-13">The Synth-diy Archive, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141010194214/http://dropmix.xs4all.nl/pipermail/synth-diy/2013-May/thread.html Hello, and some questions], May 2013</ref>


Aaron Lanterman's lectures [http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~lanterma/ece4803 ECE4803B: Theory and Design of Music Synthesizers], 2006 as well as [http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~lanterma/ems10 ECE4893A: Electronics for Music Synthesis], 2010 and [http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~lanterma/ems 2008] are available online.
Aaron Lanterman's lectures [http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~lanterma/ece4803 ECE4803B: Theory and Design of Music Synthesizers], 2006 as well as [http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~lanterma/ems10 ECE4893A: Electronics for Music Synthesis], 2010 and [http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~lanterma/ems 2008] are available online.

* Synth design podcast : [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HpizuckShwQ Synth design podcast on youtube]


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Getting started in synth DIY]]
* [[Getting started in synth DIY]]
* [[Chronology of synth DIY]]
* [[Datasheet]]
* [[Datasheet]]
* [[Electronics books]] for books about electronics.
* [[Electronics books]] for books about electronics.
Line 63: Line 82:
* [[Patents]]
* [[Patents]]
* [[Schematics and manuals]]
* [[Schematics and manuals]]
* [[SDIY books]]
* [[Synth DIY books]]
* [[Simple synth DIY]]
* [[Simple synth DIY]]
* [[Synthesizer books]] for books about synthesizers, etc.
* [[Synthesizer books]] for books about synthesizers, etc.
Line 72: Line 91:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* Muff Wiggler forum:[https://www.muffwiggler.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2795&start=all&postdays=0&postorder=asc DIY learning resources]
* [https://www.modwiggler.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=17&t=26866 Post pics of your DIY setup!], Mod Wiggler Forum, Dec 2010
* Muff Wiggler forum:[https://www.muffwiggler.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59922 what percentage do you save going DIY?]
* [https://www.modwiggler.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2795&start=all&postdays=0&postorder=asc DIY learning resources], Mod Wiggler Forum, Jan 2009
* [https://www.modwiggler.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59922 what percentage do you save going DIY?], Mod Wiggler Forum, May 2012
=== Getting started ===
* [https://www.modwiggler.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=265562 Talk me out of getting in way over my head for my first project], Mod Wiggler Forum, Aug 2022
* [https://chrisbeckstrom.com/2019/11/15/getting-started-in-synth-diy-first-steps/ Getting Started in Synth DIY: First Steps] by Chris Beckstrom

* [https://hackaday.com/2015/02/04/logic-noise-sweet-sweet-oscillator-sounds/ Logic Noise: Sweet, Sweet Oscillator Sounds] by Elliot Williams, Hackaday, 4 Feb 2015

* [https://syntherjack.net/how-to-start-synth-diy/ Synth DIY – how to start?] by SyntherJack, 25 Oct 2017


[[Category:Simple synth DIY]]
[[Category:Simple synth DIY]]

Latest revision as of 18:57, 30 May 2023

Insides of a MIDIBox SID by Max Farnea.
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Synthesizer do it yourself

This article, is intended as a top level page. You should be able to browse the whole wiki from here.

Synthesizer do it yourself, Synth DIY or SDIY is about creativity, making, modifying, or repairing electronic musical instruments and related equipment yourself. Many people with an interest in electronics and music are now discovering that a Synth-DIY project is feasible.[1] More advanced synth DIYers design and build their own synthesizers. What’s needed is a design, parts and tools, and especially the skills.[2] Unless assembling relatively inexpensive circuits like the Atari Punk Console, synth DIY can be an expensive pastime.

Ability and know-how

The single most important factor in synth DIY is your skills. You'll need to be able to read and understand circuit diagrams, identify electronic components, and fault-find non-working circuits.[3] The best way to learn is by building. Pick a small project to start with, to find out how you get on. There is a list of popular small projects at simple synth DIY.[4]

Tools

The least tools you can start with are a good soldering iron, a desoldering pump or braid, fine wire-cutters, long nose pliers and a decent digital multimeter.[2] Also useful are an oscilloscope capable of DC coupled input, a solderless breadboard, a bench power supply, a function generator and a frequency counter.[5]

Software

EDA

Main article: Electronic design automation

For more advanced DIY there is also the requirement for suitable electronic design automation (EDA) software, for the schematic capture (design of schematics), PCB layout, Gerber files etc. such as gEDA, Autodesk EAGLE, KiCad or DIYLC.

Circuit simulation

Main article: Electronic circuit simulation

Simulation allows us to understand the operating principles of electronics.

This application is essential for those who wish to learn about electronic simulation.

Falstad By Paul falstad


Kicad also has a SPICE simulation feature

Kicad and SPICE

...

Kits and PCBs

Main article: Kit

See also PCB and kit suppliers.

PAiA have been producing analogue synth kits since 1967. The PAIA Fatman is a complete synth to build from a proven design. It has two VCOs and a good VCF similar to that of the second-series ARP Odyssey. The schematics are easy to follow and anyone is allowed to build it providing they don't market it as their own.[2] There is a selection of links to bare PCBs and kits at Ken Stone's Modular Synthesizer site.

Designs

Main article: Schematics and manuals

If you are not creating your own, there are already a number of designs to choose from. From individual modules to large systems based on classic CV/gate controlled analogue synths, (such as the Moog modular), to MIDI controlled devices as with the open hardware MIDIbox project. As well as sequencers, samplers and associated equipment such as efects units and amplifiers.

To have reliable designs to work from, use circuits tried and tested by previous SDIYers.

Magazines

Main article: Magazines

In the 1970s Electronic hobbyist magazines such as Practical Electronics (PE), Wireless World, Electronics Today International (ETI) and Elektor were at the forefront, publishing designs for the synth builder. To build some of those designs, one needed a firm grasp of electronics and constructing even the smaller models was not easy.[2]

Things changed when ETI, in conjunction with Powertran, released the design and a kit of parts for a single-oscillator synth called the Transcendant 2000. The article (by Tim Orr, formerly of EMS) was well planned, and Powertran provided everything you needed, down to the last nut and bolt, even including a mains plug. It was very popular, and spawned a range of synths including the Transcendant Polysynth, which was the kit-builder's Jupiter 8 without the memories. In 1979 ETI also published schematics for the Digisound 80 modular. This, like the Transcendant Polysynth, featured Curtis Electro Music synth chips. The CEM chips made kit building much easier.[2]

The Elektor Elektor Formant design was published in 1977/78,[6] also modular and based around Moog Modular styling. Another early ETI design was the International 4600 and its descendants, the 5600 and 3800 synths, which were distributed as kits by Maplin Electronics. The 4600 and the 5600 featured a pin matrix for patching similar to that of the EMS VCS3, only larger. However, these synths proved overly complex for the amateur constructor.[2]

Bear in mind that magazine designs are frequently inaccurate or incomplete. The Practical Electronics Analogue Sequencer, for instance, published in April 1977, will not function correctly without the modifications published in September 1977.[2]

Schematics

Main article: Schematics and manuals

The Moog Modular manual is huge and contains all the schematic diagrams and some of the setup and calibration notes, but beware. Although the designs are all there, some of them use parts which may be hard or impossible to get hold of. It also has to be said that some modules, such as the oscillators and envelope generators, were better implemented in later designs such as the second-series Minimoog, Prodigy and Rogue. Schematics for the latter two are extremely readable, as are the associated setup notes, and the circuits work.[2] Another synth from the past which makes a good construction project is the Oberheim SEM (Synthesizer Expansion Module). This synth isn't too difficult to construct, and features a voltage-controlled state-variable filter.[2]

Using circuits from a former commercial product, using a schematic from a service manual can also be problematic, as these too can contain errors.[7]

Books

Main article: Synth DIY books

Build a better music synthesizer by Thomas Henry was a good introduction to modular synthesizer construction. Electronic Music Circuits by Barry Klein describes the circuitry involved in modular synth design, in more depth. It is a good starting point to learn the technology as well as electronics in general.[2] However for both of these books some of the components may be no longer readily available.

Electronotes and Preferred Circuits Collection by Bernie Hutchins is the definitive DIY circuit & theory collection. Still in publication, although more DSP based.[4]

Web sites

Main article: Online resources

There is an introduction to SDIY at Music From Outer Space, as well as parts and kits available for purchase. Use the Wayback Machine to view former websites, now no longer available.

Wikipedia is a great resource. All About Circuits for well explained stuff. Doctronics is a good reference for ICs when you're not sure what something does. At Aaron's Synth DIY there is a list of useful parts. At Birth of a synth there are some DIY modules, with explanations, for example the VCO-1. Although it is better to practice with very simple circuits before starting this kind of project, even though this is a fairly simple circuit.[8]

Aaron Lanterman's lectures ECE4803B: Theory and Design of Music Synthesizers, 2006 as well as ECE4893A: Electronics for Music Synthesis, 2010 and 2008 are available online.

See also

References

  1. ^ Synth-DIY at Music From Outer Space.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Build Your Own Synth Websites, Sound On Sound by Ken McBeth, Jan 2002
  3. ^ Help page of Ken Stone's Modular Synthesizer site] - archived
  4. ^ a b Synthesis Technology's Getting Started in the Synth DIY World
  5. ^ Getting started in electronics on Music From Outer Space by Ray Wilson
  6. ^ Formant Modular Analog Synthesizer by Rick Jansen
  7. ^ EFM 4622 – Moog Taurus VCF Clone
  8. ^ The Synth-diy Archive, Hello, and some questions, May 2013

External links

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